|
In some societies and among some anthropologists, color terminology was used to label races, sometimes in addition to a non-color term for the same race. Identifying races in terms of their human skin color has been common since at least the ''Physiognomica'' falsely attributed to Aristotle. Other scientists were more cautious about such categorization, and Charles Darwin argued that the number of categories, or in this case the number of different colors, is completely arbitrary and subjective. For example, some claimed three distinct colors, some four, and others have claimed even more. In contrast, Darwin argued that there are gradations, or degrees between the numbers of categories claimed, and not distinct categories, or colors.〔"It may be doubted whether any character can be named which is distinctive of a race and is constant.", Charles Darwin, (''The Descent of Man'' p225 ), (The Mis-portrayal of Darwin as a Racist )〕 ==Western classifications== One of the earlier uses of the concept of “black” as a metaphor for race was first used at the end of the 17th century when a French doctor named François Bernier (1625–1688), an early proponent of scientific racism, divided up humanity based on facial appearance and body type. He proposed four categories: Europeans, Far Easterners, Lapps, and Blacks.〔''The End of Racism'' by Dinesh D'Souza, pg 123, 1995〕 The first major scientific model was created in the 18th century when Carolus Linnaeus recognized four main races: Europeanus which he labeled the white race, Asiaticus, which he labeled the yellow race, Americanus, which he labeled the red race, and Africanus, which he labeled the black race.〔(The Importance of “Whiteness” in American Legal History )〕 By adding the brown race, which he called "Malay" for Polynesians, Melanesians of Pacific Islands, and aborigines of Australia,〔''The Mismeasure of Man'' by Stephen Jay Gould, pg 402, 1996〕 Linnaeus' protégé, anthropology founder Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752–1840), came up with the ''five color typology'' for humans: white people (the Caucasian or white race), more or less black people (the Ethiopian or black race), yellow people (the Mongolian or yellow race), cinnamon-brown or flame colored people (the American or red race) and brown people (the Malay or brown race). Blumenbach listed the "races" in a hierarchic order of physical similarities: Caucasian, followed by Americans (Amerindian), followed by Mongolian, followed by Malayan, followed by Africoid peoples. Rand McNally's 1944 map of races describes Amerindians as being the ''copper race'' or ''copper people''.〔See: ''Rand McNally’s World Atlas International Edition'' Chicago:1944 Rand McNally Map: "Races of Mankind" Pages 278-279--In the explanatory section below the map, the ''American Indian Race'' is described as being "copper-colored"〕 According to conservative writer Dinesh D'Souza, "Blumenbach's classification had a lasting influence in part because his categories neatly broke down into familiar tones and colors: white, black, yellow, red, and brown."〔''The End of Racism'' by Dinesh D'Souza, pg 124, 1995〕〔(Race, Identity and Africanity: A Reply to Eboussi Boulaga )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Color terminology for race」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|